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适用范围：<p>Environmental data are often required for making regulatory and programmatic decisions. Decision makers must determine whether the levels of assurance associated with the data are sufficient in quality for their intended use.</p> <p>Data generation efforts involve three parts: development of DQOs and subsequent project plan(s) to meet the DQOs, implementation and oversight of the project plan(s), and assessment of the data quality to determine whether the DQOs were met.</p> <p>To determine the level of assurance necessary to support the decision, an iterative process must be used by decision makers, data collectors, and users. This practice emphasizes the iterative nature of the process of DQO development. Objectives may need to be reevaluated and modified as information related to the level of data quality is gained. This means that DQOs are the product of the DQO process and are subject to change as data are gathered and assessed.</p> <p>This practice defines the process of developing DQOs. Each step of the planning process is described.</p> <p>This practice emphasizes the importance of communication among those involved in developing DQOs, those planning and implementing the sampling and analysis aspects of environmental data generation activities, and those assessing data quality.</p> <p>The impacts of a successful DQO process on the project are as follows: (<span class="italic">1</span>) a consensus on the nature of the problem and the desired decision shared by all the decision makers, (<span class="italic">2</span>) data quality consistent with its intended use, (<span class="italic">3</span>) a more resource-efficient sampling and analysis design, (<span class="italic">4</span>) a planned approach to data collection and evaluation, (<span class="italic">5</span>) quantitative criteria for knowing when to stop sampling, and (<span class="italic">6</span>) known measure of risk for making an incorrect decision.</p><p id="s00002">1.1 This practice covers the process of development of data quality objectives (DQOs) for the acquisition of environmental data. Optimization of sampling and analysis design is a part of the DQO process. This practice describes the DQO process in detail. The various strategies for design optimization are too numerous to include in this practice. Many other documents outline alternatives for optimizing sampling and analysis design. Therefore, only an overview of design optimization is included. Some design aspects are included in the practice''s examples for illustration purposes.</p> <p id="s00003">1.2 DQO development is the first of three parts of data generation activities. The other two aspects are (<span class="italic">1</span>) implementation of the sampling and analysis strategies, see Guide <a href="http://myastm.astm.org/SUBSCRIPTION/NewValidateSubscription.cgi?D6311-HTML">D6311</a> and (<span class="italic">2</span>) data quality assessment, see Guide <a href="http://myastm.astm.org/SUBSCRIPTION/NewValidateSubscription.cgi?D6233-HTML">D6233</a>. </p> <p>1.3 This guide should be used in concert with Practices <a href="http://myastm.astm.org/SUBSCRIPTION/NewValidateSubscription.cgi?D5283-HTML">D5283</a>, <a href="http://myastm.astm.org/SUBSCRIPTION/NewValidateSubscription.cgi?D6250-HTML">D6250</a>, and Guide <a href="http://myastm.astm.org/SUBSCRIPTION/NewValidateSubscription.cgi?D6044-HTML">D6044</a>. Practice <a href="http://myastm.astm.org/SUBSCRIPTION/NewValidateSubscription.cgi?D5283-HTML">D5283</a> outlines the quality assurance (QA) processes specified during planning and used during implementation. Guide <a href="http://myastm.astm.org/SUBSCRIPTION/NewValidateSubscription.cgi?D6044-HTML">D6044</a> outlines a process by which a representative sample may be obtained from a population, identifies sources that can affect representativeness and describes the attributes of a representative sample. Practice <a href="http://myastm.astm.org/SUBSCRIPTION/NewValidateSubscriptio......