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适用范围：<p>Although many technical papers address topics important to efficient and accurate sampling investigations (DQO''s, study design, QA/QC, data assessment; see Guides D 4687<astmref rid="a00013">, D 5730<astmref rid="a00028">, D 6009<astmref rid="a00038">, D 6051<astmref rid="a00040">, and Practice D 5283<astmref rid="a00020">), the selection and use of appropriate sampling equipment is assumed or omitted.</p> <p>The choice of sampling equipment can be crucial to the task of collecting a sample appropriate for the intended use.</p> <p>When a sample is collected, all sources of potential bias should be considered, not only in the selection and use of the sampling device, but also in the interpretation and use of the data generated. Some major considerations in the selection of sampling equipment for the collection of a sample are listed below.</p> <p>The ability to access and extract from every relevant location in the target population,</p> <p>The ability to collect a sufficient mass of sample such that the distribution of particle sizes in the population are represented, and</p> <p>The ability to collect a sample without the addition or loss of constituents of interest.</p> <p>The characteristics discussed in 5.3 are particularly important in investigations when the target population is heterogeneous such as when particle sizes vary, liquids are present in distinct phases, a gaseous phase exists or material from different sources are present in the population. The consideration of these characteristics during the equipment selection process will enable the data user to make appropriate statistical inferences about the target population based on the sampling results.</p><p id="s00002">1.1 This guide covers criteria which should be considered when selecting sampling equipment for collecting environmental and waste samples for waste management activities. This guide includes a list of equipment that is used and is readily available. Many specialized sampling devices are not specifically included in this guide. However, the factors that should be weighed when choosing any piece of equipment are covered and remain the same for the selection of any piece of equipment. Sampling equipment described in this guide includes automatic samplers, pumps, bailers, tubes, scoops, spoons, shovels, dredges, coring and augering devices. The selection of sampling locations is outside the scope of this guide.</p> <p id="s00003">1.1.1 Table 1 lists selected equipment and its applicability to sampling matrices, including water (surface and ground), sediments, soils, liquids, multi-layered liquids, mixed solid-liquid phases, and consolidated and unconsolidated solids. The guide does not address specifically the collection of samples of any suspended materials from flowing rivers or streams. Refer to Guide D 4411<astmref rid="a00010"> for more information.</p> <p id="s00004">1.2 Table 2 presents the same list of equipment and its applicability for use based on compatibility of sample and equipment; volume of the sample required; physical requirements such as power, size, and weight; ease of operation and decontamination; and whether it is reusable or disposable.</p> <p id="s00005">1.3 Table 3 provides the basis for selection of suitable equipment by the use of an Index.</p> <p id="s00006">1.4 Lists of advantages and disadvantages of selected sampling devices and line drawings and narratives describing the operation of sampling devices are also provided.</p> <p id="s00007">1.5 The values stated in both inch-pound and SI units are to be regarded separately as the standard units. The values given in parentheses are for information only.</p> <p id="s00008">1.6 This guide offers an organized collection of information or a series of options and does not recommend a specific course of action. This document cannot replace education or experience and should be used in con junction with professional judgement. Not all aspects of this guide may be ap......